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Post-quantum cryptography, step by step

Four short lessons, from qubits to migration. Start at step 1 or jump to any topic.

Start with step 1 →
  1. Step 1Quantum basicsWhat a qubit is, how it differs from a bit, and why adding qubits makes a quantum computer so hard to simulate.A bit is a switch. A qubit is a direction.n qubits, 2ⁿ amplitudes
  2. Step 2The threatWhich cryptography a quantum computer breaks, how big a machine it would take, and why recorded traffic is already at risk.Two algorithms, very different impactHarvest now, decrypt later
  3. Step 3The fixThe new math behind post-quantum algorithms, the standardised families, and why today's deployments combine old and new.The fix: hard problems for both kinds of computerHybrid: belt and braces
  4. Step 4The cost & where to startPost-quantum keys and signatures are bigger. What that means in practice, and the first steps an organisation can take.The cost: more bytesWhere to start